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* @param string $text The text which is to be decoded.
* @param string|int $quote_style Optional. Converts double quotes if set to ENT_COMPAT,
* both single and double if set to ENT_QUOTES or
* none if set to ENT_NOQUOTES.
* Also compatible with old _wp_specialchars() values;
* converting single quotes if set to 'single',
* double if set to 'double' or both if otherwise set.
* Default is ENT_NOQUOTES.
* @return string The decoded text without HTML entities.
function wp_specialchars_decode( $text, $quote_style = ENT_NOQUOTES ) {
if ( 0 === strlen( $text ) ) {
// Don't bother if there are no entities - saves a lot of processing.
if ( ! str_contains( $text, '&' ) ) {
// Match the previous behavior of _wp_specialchars() when the $quote_style is not an accepted value.
if ( empty( $quote_style ) ) {
$quote_style = ENT_NOQUOTES;
} elseif ( ! in_array( $quote_style, array( 0, 2, 3, 'single', 'double' ), true ) ) {
$quote_style = ENT_QUOTES;
// More complete than get_html_translation_table( HTML_SPECIALCHARS ).
'/�*27;/i' => ''',
'/�*22;/i' => '"',
'/�*26;/i' => '&',
if ( ENT_QUOTES === $quote_style ) {
$translation = array_merge( $single, $double, $others );
$translation_preg = array_merge( $single_preg, $double_preg, $others_preg );
} elseif ( ENT_COMPAT === $quote_style || 'double' === $quote_style ) {
$translation = array_merge( $double, $others );
$translation_preg = array_merge( $double_preg, $others_preg );
} elseif ( 'single' === $quote_style ) {
$translation = array_merge( $single, $others );
$translation_preg = array_merge( $single_preg, $others_preg );
} elseif ( ENT_NOQUOTES === $quote_style ) {
$translation_preg = $others_preg;
// Remove zero padding on numeric entities.
$text = preg_replace( array_keys( $translation_preg ), array_values( $translation_preg ), $text );
// Replace characters according to translation table.
return strtr( $text, $translation );
* Checks for invalid UTF8 in a string.
* @param string $text The text which is to be checked.
* @param bool $strip Optional. Whether to attempt to strip out invalid UTF8. Default false.
* @return string The checked text.
function wp_check_invalid_utf8( $text, $strip = false ) {
if ( 0 === strlen( $text ) ) {
// Store the site charset as a static to avoid multiple calls to get_option().
if ( ! isset( $is_utf8 ) ) {
$is_utf8 = is_utf8_charset();
// Check for support for utf8 in the installed PCRE library once and store the result in a static.
static $utf8_pcre = null;
if ( ! isset( $utf8_pcre ) ) {
// phpcs:ignore WordPress.PHP.NoSilencedErrors.Discouraged
$utf8_pcre = @preg_match( '/^./u', 'a' );
// We can't demand utf8 in the PCRE installation, so just return the string in those cases.
// phpcs:ignore WordPress.PHP.NoSilencedErrors.Discouraged -- preg_match fails when it encounters invalid UTF8 in $text.
if ( 1 === @preg_match( '/^./us', $text ) ) {
// Attempt to strip the bad chars if requested (not recommended).
if ( $strip && function_exists( 'iconv' ) ) {
return iconv( 'utf-8', 'utf-8', $text );
* Encodes the Unicode values to be used in the URI.
* @since 5.8.3 Added the `encode_ascii_characters` parameter.
* @param string $utf8_string String to encode.
* @param int $length Max length of the string
* @param bool $encode_ascii_characters Whether to encode ascii characters such as < " '
* @return string String with Unicode encoded for URI.
function utf8_uri_encode( $utf8_string, $length = 0, $encode_ascii_characters = false ) {
mbstring_binary_safe_encoding();
$string_length = strlen( $utf8_string );
reset_mbstring_encoding();
for ( $i = 0; $i < $string_length; $i++ ) {
$value = ord( $utf8_string[ $i ] );
$encoded_char = $encode_ascii_characters ? rawurlencode( $char ) : $char;
$encoded_char_length = strlen( $encoded_char );
if ( $length && ( $unicode_length + $encoded_char_length ) > $length ) {
$unicode .= $encoded_char;
$unicode_length += $encoded_char_length;
if ( count( $values ) === 0 ) {
} elseif ( $value < 240 ) {
if ( $length && ( $unicode_length + ( $num_octets * 3 ) ) > $length ) {
if ( count( $values ) === $num_octets ) {
for ( $j = 0; $j < $num_octets; $j++ ) {
$unicode .= '%' . dechex( $values[ $j ] );
$unicode_length += $num_octets * 3;
* Converts all accent characters to ASCII characters.
* If there are no accent characters, then the string given is just returned.
* **Accent characters converted:**
* | Code | Glyph | Replacement | Description |
* | -------- | ----- | ----------- | ------------------- |
* | U+00A3 | £ | (empty) | British Pound sign |
* | U+20AC | € | E | Euro sign |
* Decompositions for Latin-1 Supplement:
* | Code | Glyph | Replacement | Description |
* | ------- | ----- | ----------- | -------------------------------------- |
* | U+00AA | ª | a | Feminine ordinal indicator |
* | U+00BA | º | o | Masculine ordinal indicator |
* | U+00C0 | À | A | Latin capital letter A with grave |
* | U+00C1 | Á | A | Latin capital letter A with acute |
* | U+00C2 | Â | A | Latin capital letter A with circumflex |
* | U+00C3 | Ã | A | Latin capital letter A with tilde |
* | U+00C4 | Ä | A | Latin capital letter A with diaeresis |
* | U+00C5 | Å | A | Latin capital letter A with ring above |
* | U+00C6 | Æ | AE | Latin capital letter AE |
* | U+00C7 | Ç | C | Latin capital letter C with cedilla |
* | U+00C8 | È | E | Latin capital letter E with grave |
* | U+00C9 | É | E | Latin capital letter E with acute |
* | U+00CA | Ê | E | Latin capital letter E with circumflex |
* | U+00CB | Ë | E | Latin capital letter E with diaeresis |
* | U+00CC | Ì | I | Latin capital letter I with grave |
* | U+00CD | Í | I | Latin capital letter I with acute |
* | U+00CE | Î | I | Latin capital letter I with circumflex |
* | U+00CF | Ï | I | Latin capital letter I with diaeresis |
* | U+00D0 | Ð | D | Latin capital letter Eth |
* | U+00D1 | Ñ | N | Latin capital letter N with tilde |
* | U+00D2 | Ò | O | Latin capital letter O with grave |
* | U+00D3 | Ó | O | Latin capital letter O with acute |
* | U+00D4 | Ô | O | Latin capital letter O with circumflex |
* | U+00D5 | Õ | O | Latin capital letter O with tilde |
* | U+00D6 | Ö | O | Latin capital letter O with diaeresis |
* | U+00D8 | Ø | O | Latin capital letter O with stroke |
* | U+00D9 | Ù | U | Latin capital letter U with grave |
* | U+00DA | Ú | U | Latin capital letter U with acute |
* | U+00DB | Û | U | Latin capital letter U with circumflex |
* | U+00DC | Ü | U | Latin capital letter U with diaeresis |
* | U+00DD | Ý | Y | Latin capital letter Y with acute |
* | U+00DE | Þ | TH | Latin capital letter Thorn |
* | U+00DF | ß | s | Latin small letter sharp s |
* | U+00E0 | à | a | Latin small letter a with grave |
* | U+00E1 | á | a | Latin small letter a with acute |
* | U+00E2 | â | a | Latin small letter a with circumflex |
* | U+00E3 | ã | a | Latin small letter a with tilde |
* | U+00E4 | ä | a | Latin small letter a with diaeresis |
* | U+00E5 | å | a | Latin small letter a with ring above |
* | U+00E6 | æ | ae | Latin small letter ae |
* | U+00E7 | ç | c | Latin small letter c with cedilla |
* | U+00E8 | è | e | Latin small letter e with grave |
* | U+00E9 | é | e | Latin small letter e with acute |
* | U+00EA | ê | e | Latin small letter e with circumflex |
* | U+00EB | ë | e | Latin small letter e with diaeresis |
* | U+00EC | ì | i | Latin small letter i with grave |
* | U+00ED | í | i | Latin small letter i with acute |
* | U+00EE | î | i | Latin small letter i with circumflex |
* | U+00EF | ï | i | Latin small letter i with diaeresis |
* | U+00F0 | ð | d | Latin small letter Eth |
* | U+00F1 | ñ | n | Latin small letter n with tilde |
* | U+00F2 | ò | o | Latin small letter o with grave |
* | U+00F3 | ó | o | Latin small letter o with acute |
* | U+00F4 | ô | o | Latin small letter o with circumflex |
* | U+00F5 | õ | o | Latin small letter o with tilde |
* | U+00F6 | ö | o | Latin small letter o with diaeresis |
* | U+00F8 | ø | o | Latin small letter o with stroke |
* | U+00F9 | ù | u | Latin small letter u with grave |
* | U+00FA | ú | u | Latin small letter u with acute |
* | U+00FB | û | u | Latin small letter u with circumflex |
* | U+00FC | ü | u | Latin small letter u with diaeresis |
* | U+00FD | ý | y | Latin small letter y with acute |
* | U+00FE | þ | th | Latin small letter Thorn |
* | U+00FF | ÿ | y | Latin small letter y with diaeresis |
* Decompositions for Latin Extended-A:
* | Code | Glyph | Replacement | Description |
* | ------- | ----- | ----------- | ------------------------------------------------- |
* | U+0100 | Ā | A | Latin capital letter A with macron |
* | U+0101 | ā | a | Latin small letter a with macron |
* | U+0102 | Ă | A | Latin capital letter A with breve |
* | U+0103 | ă | a | Latin small letter a with breve |
* | U+0104 | Ą | A | Latin capital letter A with ogonek |
* | U+0105 | ą | a | Latin small letter a with ogonek |
* | U+01006 | Ć | C | Latin capital letter C with acute |
* | U+0107 | ć | c | Latin small letter c with acute |
* | U+0108 | Ĉ | C | Latin capital letter C with circumflex |
* | U+0109 | ĉ | c | Latin small letter c with circumflex |
* | U+010A | Ċ | C | Latin capital letter C with dot above |
* | U+010B | ċ | c | Latin small letter c with dot above |
* | U+010C | Č | C | Latin capital letter C with caron |
* | U+010D | č | c | Latin small letter c with caron |
* | U+010E | Ď | D | Latin capital letter D with caron |
* | U+010F | ď | d | Latin small letter d with caron |
* | U+0110 | Đ | D | Latin capital letter D with stroke |
* | U+0111 | đ | d | Latin small letter d with stroke |
* | U+0112 | Ē | E | Latin capital letter E with macron |
* | U+0113 | ē | e | Latin small letter e with macron |
* | U+0114 | Ĕ | E | Latin capital letter E with breve |
* | U+0115 | ĕ | e | Latin small letter e with breve |
* | U+0116 | Ė | E | Latin capital letter E with dot above |
* | U+0117 | ė | e | Latin small letter e with dot above |
* | U+0118 | Ę | E | Latin capital letter E with ogonek |
* | U+0119 | ę | e | Latin small letter e with ogonek |
* | U+011A | Ě | E | Latin capital letter E with caron |
* | U+011B | ě | e | Latin small letter e with caron |
* | U+011C | Ĝ | G | Latin capital letter G with circumflex |
* | U+011D | ĝ | g | Latin small letter g with circumflex |
* | U+011E | Ğ | G | Latin capital letter G with breve |
* | U+011F | ğ | g | Latin small letter g with breve |
* | U+0120 | Ġ | G | Latin capital letter G with dot above |
* | U+0121 | ġ | g | Latin small letter g with dot above |
* | U+0122 | Ģ | G | Latin capital letter G with cedilla |
* | U+0123 | ģ | g | Latin small letter g with cedilla |
* | U+0124 | Ĥ | H | Latin capital letter H with circumflex |
* | U+0125 | ĥ | h | Latin small letter h with circumflex |
* | U+0126 | Ħ | H | Latin capital letter H with stroke |
* | U+0127 | ħ | h | Latin small letter h with stroke |
* | U+0128 | Ĩ | I | Latin capital letter I with tilde |
* | U+0129 | ĩ | i | Latin small letter i with tilde |
* | U+012A | Ī | I | Latin capital letter I with macron |
* | U+012B | ī | i | Latin small letter i with macron |
* | U+012C | Ĭ | I | Latin capital letter I with breve |
* | U+012D | ĭ | i | Latin small letter i with breve |
* | U+012E | Į | I | Latin capital letter I with ogonek |
* | U+012F | į | i | Latin small letter i with ogonek |
* | U+0130 | İ | I | Latin capital letter I with dot above |
* | U+0131 | ı | i | Latin small letter dotless i |
* | U+0132 | IJ | IJ | Latin capital ligature IJ |
* | U+0133 | ij | ij | Latin small ligature ij |
* | U+0134 | Ĵ | J | Latin capital letter J with circumflex |
* | U+0135 | ĵ | j | Latin small letter j with circumflex |
* | U+0136 | Ķ | K | Latin capital letter K with cedilla |
* | U+0137 | ķ | k | Latin small letter k with cedilla |
* | U+0138 | ĸ | k | Latin small letter Kra |
* | U+0139 | Ĺ | L | Latin capital letter L with acute |
* | U+013A | ĺ | l | Latin small letter l with acute |
* | U+013B | Ļ | L | Latin capital letter L with cedilla |
* | U+013C | ļ | l | Latin small letter l with cedilla |
* | U+013D | Ľ | L | Latin capital letter L with caron |
* | U+013E | ľ | l | Latin small letter l with caron |
* | U+013F | Ŀ | L | Latin capital letter L with middle dot |
* | U+0140 | ŀ | l | Latin small letter l with middle dot |
* | U+0141 | Ł | L | Latin capital letter L with stroke |
* | U+0142 | ł | l | Latin small letter l with stroke |
* | U+0143 | Ń | N | Latin capital letter N with acute |
* | U+0144 | ń | n | Latin small letter N with acute |
* | U+0145 | Ņ | N | Latin capital letter N with cedilla |
* | U+0146 | ņ | n | Latin small letter n with cedilla |
* | U+0147 | Ň | N | Latin capital letter N with caron |
* | U+0148 | ň | n | Latin small letter n with caron |
* | U+0149 | ʼn | n | Latin small letter n preceded by apostrophe |
* | U+014A | Ŋ | N | Latin capital letter Eng |
* | U+014B | ŋ | n | Latin small letter Eng |
* | U+014C | Ō | O | Latin capital letter O with macron |
* | U+014D | ō | o | Latin small letter o with macron |
* | U+014E | Ŏ | O | Latin capital letter O with breve |
* | U+014F | ŏ | o | Latin small letter o with breve |
* | U+0150 | Ő | O | Latin capital letter O with double acute |
* | U+0151 | ő | o | Latin small letter o with double acute |
* | U+0152 | Œ | OE | Latin capital ligature OE |
* | U+0153 | œ | oe | Latin small ligature oe |
* | U+0154 | Ŕ | R | Latin capital letter R with acute |
* | U+0155 | ŕ | r | Latin small letter r with acute |
* | U+0156 | Ŗ | R | Latin capital letter R with cedilla |
* | U+0157 | ŗ | r | Latin small letter r with cedilla |
* | U+0158 | Ř | R | Latin capital letter R with caron |
* | U+0159 | ř | r | Latin small letter r with caron |
* | U+015A | Ś | S | Latin capital letter S with acute |
* | U+015B | ś | s | Latin small letter s with acute |
* | U+015C | Ŝ | S | Latin capital letter S with circumflex |
* | U+015D | ŝ | s | Latin small letter s with circumflex |
* | U+015E | Ş | S | Latin capital letter S with cedilla |
* | U+015F | ş | s | Latin small letter s with cedilla |
* | U+0160 | Š | S | Latin capital letter S with caron |
* | U+0161 | š | s | Latin small letter s with caron |
* | U+0162 | Ţ | T | Latin capital letter T with cedilla |
* | U+0163 | ţ | t | Latin small letter t with cedilla |
* | U+0164 | Ť | T | Latin capital letter T with caron |
* | U+0165 | ť | t | Latin small letter t with caron |
* | U+0166 | Ŧ | T | Latin capital letter T with stroke |
* | U+0167 | ŧ | t | Latin small letter t with stroke |
* | U+0168 | Ũ | U | Latin capital letter U with tilde |
* | U+0169 | ũ | u | Latin small letter u with tilde |
* | U+016A | Ū | U | Latin capital letter U with macron |
* | U+016B | ū | u | Latin small letter u with macron |
* | U+016C | Ŭ | U | Latin capital letter U with breve |
* | U+016D | ŭ | u | Latin small letter u with breve |
* | U+016E | Ů | U | Latin capital letter U with ring above |
* | U+016F | ů | u | Latin small letter u with ring above |
* | U+0170 | Ű | U | Latin capital letter U with double acute |
* | U+0171 | ű | u | Latin small letter u with double acute |
* | U+0172 | Ų | U | Latin capital letter U with ogonek |
* | U+0173 | ų | u | Latin small letter u with ogonek |
* | U+0174 | Ŵ | W | Latin capital letter W with circumflex |
* | U+0175 | ŵ | w | Latin small letter w with circumflex |
* | U+0176 | Ŷ | Y | Latin capital letter Y with circumflex |
* | U+0177 | ŷ | y | Latin small letter y with circumflex |
* | U+0178 | Ÿ | Y | Latin capital letter Y with diaeresis |
* | U+0179 | Ź | Z | Latin capital letter Z with acute |
* | U+017A | ź | z | Latin small letter z with acute |
* | U+017B | Ż | Z | Latin capital letter Z with dot above |
* | U+017C | ż | z | Latin small letter z with dot above |
* | U+017D | Ž | Z | Latin capital letter Z with caron |
* | U+017E | ž | z | Latin small letter z with caron |
* | U+017F | ſ | s | Latin small letter long s |
* | U+01A0 | Ơ | O | Latin capital letter O with horn |
* | U+01A1 | ơ | o | Latin small letter o with horn |
* | U+01AF | Ư | U | Latin capital letter U with horn |
* | U+01B0 | ư | u | Latin small letter u with horn |
* | U+01CD | Ǎ | A | Latin capital letter A with caron |
* | U+01CE | ǎ | a | Latin small letter a with caron |
* | U+01CF | Ǐ | I | Latin capital letter I with caron |
* | U+01D0 | ǐ | i | Latin small letter i with caron |
* | U+01D1 | Ǒ | O | Latin capital letter O with caron |
* | U+01D2 | ǒ | o | Latin small letter o with caron |
* | U+01D3 | Ǔ | U | Latin capital letter U with caron |
* | U+01D4 | ǔ | u | Latin small letter u with caron |
* | U+01D5 | Ǖ | U | Latin capital letter U with diaeresis and macron |
* | U+01D6 | ǖ | u | Latin small letter u with diaeresis and macron |
* | U+01D7 | Ǘ | U | Latin capital letter U with diaeresis and acute |
* | U+01D8 | ǘ | u | Latin small letter u with diaeresis and acute |
* | U+01D9 | Ǚ | U | Latin capital letter U with diaeresis and caron |
* | U+01DA | ǚ | u | Latin small letter u with diaeresis and caron |
* | U+01DB | Ǜ | U | Latin capital letter U with diaeresis and grave |
* | U+01DC | ǜ | u | Latin small letter u with diaeresis and grave |
* Decompositions for Latin Extended-B:
* | Code | Glyph | Replacement | Description |
* | -------- | ----- | ----------- | ----------------------------------------- |
* | U+018F | Ə | E | Latin capital letter Ə |
* | U+0259 | ǝ | e | Latin small letter ǝ |
* | U+0218 | Ș | S | Latin capital letter S with comma below |
* | U+0219 | ș | s | Latin small letter s with comma below |
* | U+021A | Ț | T | Latin capital letter T with comma below |
* | U+021B | ț | t | Latin small letter t with comma below |
* Vowels with diacritic (Chinese, Hanyu Pinyin):
* | Code | Glyph | Replacement | Description |
* | -------- | ----- | ----------- | ----------------------------------------------------- |
* | U+0251 | ɑ | a | Latin small letter alpha |
* | U+1EA0 | Ạ | A | Latin capital letter A with dot below |
* | U+1EA1 | ạ | a | Latin small letter a with dot below |
* | U+1EA2 | Ả | A | Latin capital letter A with hook above |
* | U+1EA3 | ả | a | Latin small letter a with hook above |
* | U+1EA4 | Ấ | A | Latin capital letter A with circumflex and acute |
* | U+1EA5 | ấ | a | Latin small letter a with circumflex and acute |
* | U+1EA6 | Ầ | A | Latin capital letter A with circumflex and grave |
* | U+1EA7 | ầ | a | Latin small letter a with circumflex and grave |
* | U+1EA8 | Ẩ | A | Latin capital letter A with circumflex and hook above |
* | U+1EA9 | ẩ | a | Latin small letter a with circumflex and hook above |
* | U+1EAA | Ẫ | A | Latin capital letter A with circumflex and tilde |
* | U+1EAB | ẫ | a | Latin small letter a with circumflex and tilde |
* | U+1EA6 | Ậ | A | Latin capital letter A with circumflex and dot below |
* | U+1EAD | ậ | a | Latin small letter a with circumflex and dot below |
* | U+1EAE | Ắ | A | Latin capital letter A with breve and acute |
* | U+1EAF | ắ | a | Latin small letter a with breve and acute |
* | U+1EB0 | Ằ | A | Latin capital letter A with breve and grave |
* | U+1EB1 | ằ | a | Latin small letter a with breve and grave |
* | U+1EB2 | Ẳ | A | Latin capital letter A with breve and hook above |
* | U+1EB3 | ẳ | a | Latin small letter a with breve and hook above |
* | U+1EB4 | Ẵ | A | Latin capital letter A with breve and tilde |
* | U+1EB5 | ẵ | a | Latin small letter a with breve and tilde |
* | U+1EB6 | Ặ | A | Latin capital letter A with breve and dot below |
* | U+1EB7 | ặ | a | Latin small letter a with breve and dot below |
* | U+1EB8 | Ẹ | E | Latin capital letter E with dot below |
* | U+1EB9 | ẹ | e | Latin small letter e with dot below |
* | U+1EBA | Ẻ | E | Latin capital letter E with hook above |
* | U+1EBB | ẻ | e | Latin small letter e with hook above |
* | U+1EBC | Ẽ | E | Latin capital letter E with tilde |
* | U+1EBD | ẽ | e | Latin small letter e with tilde |
* | U+1EBE | Ế | E | Latin capital letter E with circumflex and acute |
* | U+1EBF | ế | e | Latin small letter e with circumflex and acute |
* | U+1EC0 | Ề | E | Latin capital letter E with circumflex and grave |
* | U+1EC1 | ề | e | Latin small letter e with circumflex and grave |
* | U+1EC2 | Ể | E | Latin capital letter E with circumflex and hook above |
* | U+1EC3 | ể | e | Latin small letter e with circumflex and hook above |
* | U+1EC4 | Ễ | E | Latin capital letter E with circumflex and tilde |
* | U+1EC5 | ễ | e | Latin small letter e with circumflex and tilde |
* | U+1EC6 | Ệ | E | Latin capital letter E with circumflex and dot below |
* | U+1EC7 | ệ | e | Latin small letter e with circumflex and dot below |
* | U+1EC8 | Ỉ | I | Latin capital letter I with hook above |
* | U+1EC9 | ỉ | i | Latin small letter i with hook above |
* | U+1ECA | Ị | I | Latin capital letter I with dot below |
* | U+1ECB | ị | i | Latin small letter i with dot below |
* | U+1ECC | Ọ | O | Latin capital letter O with dot below |
* | U+1ECD | ọ | o | Latin small letter o with dot below |
* | U+1ECE | Ỏ | O | Latin capital letter O with hook above |
* | U+1ECF | ỏ | o | Latin small letter o with hook above |